Is Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation Safe in Breastfeeding

I am a breastfeeding mother and i want to know if it is safe to use Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation? Is Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation safe for nursing mother and child? Does Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation extracts into breast milk? Does Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation has any long term or short term side effects on infants? Can Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation influence milk supply or can Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation decrease milk supply in lactating mothers?

Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) is a method of using electrical stimulation of nerves using electrodes affixed to the skin. It is most often used to treat pain. Two small, low-quality studies found it useful for alleviating uterine pain caused by breastfeeding in the early postpartum period in hospitalized women. There are also anecdotal reports of TENS being used for nipple stimulation to induce lactation in adoptive mothers.[1][2] However, no scientific evaluation of the safety or efficacy of this use could be located.

A small, single-blinded study in Sweden compared high-intensity to low-intensity TENS for the alleviation of post-partum uterine pain during breastfeeding in the 24 hours following birth. The high-intensity TENS was more effective.[3] A small unblinded study in Brazil compared uterine pain in hospitalized women who were experiencing uterine pain during breastfeeding in the immediate postpartum period. One group received TENS and the other did not. None of the patients used any other form of analgesia. Pain experienced at two different occasions during breastfeeding were compared. The decrease in pain from the first to second occasion was greater in the group receiving TENS.[4]