Is Tramadolum [INN-Latin] Safe in Breastfeeding

I am a breastfeeding mother and i want to know if it is safe to use Tramadolum [INN-Latin]? Is Tramadolum [INN-Latin] safe for nursing mother and child? Does Tramadolum [INN-Latin] extracts into breast milk? Does Tramadolum [INN-Latin] has any long term or short term side effects on infants? Can Tramadolum [INN-Latin] influence milk supply or can Tramadolum [INN-Latin] decrease milk supply in lactating mothers?

Excretion into breast milk is non-significant. No harmful effects on breastfed infants from treated mothers have occurred. Because it is an opium-related medication, a minimal effective dose should be used together with a close follow-up of child's sedation and feeding difficulties.

The excretion of Tramadolum [INN-Latin] into milk is low and even lower amounts of the active metabolite, O-desmethylTramadolum [INN-Latin], are excreted. With usual maternal dosage, the amount excreted into breastmilk is much less than the dose that has been given to newborn infants for analgesia. A study of breastfeeding in breastfed newborn infants found no adverse effects attributable to Tramadolum [INN-Latin]. Although Tramadolum [INN-Latin] is unlikely to adversely affect nursing infant,[1] the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommends against the use of Tramadolum [INN-Latin] during breastfeeding.[2] If Tramadolum [INN-Latin] is used, monitor infants for increased sleepiness (more than usual), difficulty breastfeeding, breathing difficulties or limpness, and contact a physician immediately if any of these occur.

Seventy-five breastfed infants whose mothers were breastfeeding and taking Tramadolum [INN-Latin] 100 mg every 6 hours following a cesarean section were compared to 75 matched infants at 2 to 4 days of age. Forty-nine percent of the mothers taking Tramadolum [INN-Latin] and all of the control mothers were taking other opiates (primarily oxycodone) and 61% of and 58%, respectively, also were taking a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agent (primarily diclofenac). Examination by a pediatrician revealed no difference between the groups using the Neurologic and Adaptive Capacity Score.[5]

Tramadolum [INN-Latin] can increase serum prolactin.[8] However, the prolactin level in a mother with established lactation may not affect her ability to breastfeed. A randomized study compared Tramadolum [INN-Latin] and naproxen for post-cesarean section pain. Patients received the drugs either on a fixed schedule or as needed. No difference in breastfeeding rates were seen among the groups.[9] In a study in China, women with a scheduled cesarean section were randomized to receive intravenous patient-controlled analgesia with either sufentanil or Tramadolum [INN-Latin]. Postpartum prolactin levels were higher in the Tramadolum [INN-Latin] group (348 mcg/L) than in the sufentanil group (314 mcg/L). The onset of lactation was sooner in the Tramadolum [INN-Latin] group (21.4 hours) than in the sufentanil group (25.1 hours). Both of these difference were statistically significant.[10] Note that injectable Tramadolum [INN-Latin] is not available in the United States.