Is Oxytocine [INN-French] Safe in Breastfeeding

I am a breastfeeding mother and i want to know if it is safe to use Oxytocine [INN-French]? Is Oxytocine [INN-French] safe for nursing mother and child? Does Oxytocine [INN-French] extracts into breast milk? Does Oxytocine [INN-French] has any long term or short term side effects on infants? Can Oxytocine [INN-French] influence milk supply or can Oxytocine [INN-French] decrease milk supply in lactating mothers?

It stimulates the ejection reflex by intranasal dose of 12 units (6 in every nostril) before nursing or pumping. Useful at the beginning of lactation, but not recommended for longer than 2-3 weeks as it may be a source of dependency on the mother.

Oxytocine [INN-French] is an essential lactation hormone released during breastfeeding that appears to have calming effect on the mother.[1] Administration of exogenous Oxytocine [INN-French] to mothers having difficulty in breastfeeding has not been clearly shown to have a beneficial effect on lactation success or in the treatment of breast engorgement. It might be of benefit in women who have lost the neuronal connection between the breast and hypothalamus. Effects on the infant are unlikely when given during breastfeeding. Numerous studies suggest that Oxytocine [INN-French] given during labor can negatively affect breastfeeding, possibly by reducing sucking behavior in the newborn in a dose-dependent manner, although study methodology and consistency has varied considerably.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] One study found that all rhythmic reflexes, the antigravity reflex, and total primitive neonatal reflexes were inhibited by intrapartum Oxytocine [INN-French] administration, unrelated to dose, which could adversely affect breastfeeding.[14]

Intranasal Oxytocine [INN-French] is reportedly used by some midwives in Switzerland as a galactogogue.[15] A small study found no difference in symptoms between subcutaneous Oxytocine [INN-French] 2.5 international units daily and placebo after 3 days of treatment for breast engorgement.[16][17] An early randomized, placebo-controlled trial used Oxytocine [INN-French] nasal spray in the mothers of newborns, but lactation management fell far short of what is considered acceptable nowadays. The study found that the spray might be useful in decreasing breast engorgement slightly in the mothers of fullterm infants, but no difference was found in the average infant weight loss between birth and day 4 in the Oxytocine [INN-French] and placebo groups.[18] Two similarly designed trials studied Oxytocine [INN-French] nasal spray in mothers of preterm newborns who were pumping milk for their infants. The first studied mothers of infants born before 38 weeks and used a total of 3 units of intranasal Oxytocine [INN-French] (Syntocinon-Sandoz, 40 units/mL) before pumping each breast for10 minutes a breast pump four times daily. Among primiparous mothers, milk production during days 2 to 5 days postpartum was 1964 mL in those who used Oxytocine [INN-French] and 510 mL in those who received placebo spray. Because of the large and statistically significant effect of Oxytocine [INN-French] among primiparous women, the trial was stopped after only 8 primiparous mothers had been studied. No statistically significant difference was found between Oxytocine [INN-French] and placebo among 4 multiparous women who were attempting to breastfeed for the first time. The paper did not report giving the mothers any instructions in lactation technique.[19] Fifty-one mothers who delivered an infant of less than 35 weeks gestation were studied. Twenty-seven mothers used 4 units of intranasal Oxytocine [INN-French] (Syntocinon-Novartis, 40 units/mL), and 24 mothers received an identical placebo spray before pumping with a breast pump. All mothers were given instructions on using hand massage before pumping and advised to pump every 3 hours. No difference in milk production over the first 5 days postpartum was found between mothers who received Oxytocine [INN-French] (median 667 mL) and placebo (median 530 mL), although women receiving Oxytocine [INN-French] produced slightly more milk on day 2 of the study. Parity had no effect in this study.[20] Several factors might explain the differences in findings between the studies. Because of the great interpatient variability in milk production documented in the recent study and the small number of patients in the first study, the finding in the earlier study may have been due to chance. A 50% higher dose of Oxytocine [INN-French] was used in the first study, which may have caused a greater effect. Another plausible explanation is the good lactation support given to mothers in the recent larger study that seemed to be lacking in the early study. Two case reports indicate that Oxytocine [INN-French] nasal spray may facilitate letdown in tetraplegic women who have lost the neuronal connection between the nipple and the hypothalamus.[21] xxx Logistic regress of data from 585 mothers who had epidural analgesia during labor found that mothers who had received exogenous Oxytocine [INN-French] had a 3.3 times greater risk of delayed onset of lactation than women who did not.[7] An observational study of 20 primiparous women found that those who were exclusively breastfeeding at 3 months (63%) had received a lower dose of Oxytocine [INN-French] during labor (mean total dosage 1363 mIU) than those who were not exclusively breastfeeding (mean total dosage 3088 mIU). This result was attributed to an inhibitory effect on neonatal sucking by the infant caused by Oxytocine [INN-French].[2] A small, nonrandomized cohort study found that the newborn infants whose mothers received synthetic Oxytocine [INN-French] to induce or maintain labor had a decreased level of prefeeding organization one hour after birth.[6] A retrospective cohort study in Spain compared breastfeeding outcomes between mothers who received Oxytocine [INN-French] during labor (n = 189) and mothers who did not, including those who delivered via elective Cesarean section (n = 127). Mothers who received Oxytocine [INN-French] during the first and second stages of labor had a 45% increased risk of bottle feeding and a 129% increased risk of breastfeeding discontinuation by 3 months of age. Effects were most pronounced in women under 27 years of age.[5] A small prospective study in California compared women who received an epidural infusion of fentanyl and ropivacaine to mothers who did not receive an epidermal during labor. All mothers had normal vaginal deliveries and their infants had 1 uninterrupted hour of skin-to-skin contact immediately postpartum. The study found inverse relationships between the amount of fentanyl and the amount of Oxytocine [INN-French] received during labor and the time of the first suckling. Because women who received more fentanyl also tended to receive more Oxytocine [INN-French], the study could not clearly separate the effects of the two drugs.[9] A small prospective cohort study in Spain followed mothers