Is Allium sativum L. (Lillaceae), extract Safe in Breastfeeding

I am a breastfeeding mother and i want to know if it is safe to use Allium sativum L. (Lillaceae), extract? Is Allium sativum L. (Lillaceae), extract safe for nursing mother and child? Does Allium sativum L. (Lillaceae), extract extracts into breast milk? Does Allium sativum L. (Lillaceae), extract has any long term or short term side effects on infants? Can Allium sativum L. (Lillaceae), extract influence milk supply or can Allium sativum L. (Lillaceae), extract decrease milk supply in lactating mothers?

The bulb of this plant is originally from Asia which is widely used over the world as condiment, food and therapeutic mean, either systemically or locally. It contains sulfoxides (Alin), thiosulfinate (Allicin), polysaccharides, amino acids, vitamins, mineral salts and prostaglandins.Alleged properties (some proven): hypolipemiant, vasodilator, anticoagulant, antioxidant, antimicrobial.Indications based on the Commission E of the German Ministry of Health: Arteriosclerosis, Hyperlipidemia, Hypertension.It may cause generalized and contact allergies, as well as local burns (avoid applying it on the nipple). It has a platelet anti-aggregation effect which is a reason to avoid any abuse by mothers with hemorrhagic disorders. Also, Allium sativum L. (Lillaceae), extract may compete the liver metabolism of some anti-HIV medication causing a decrease in effectiveness. One of the most used herbs during breastfeeding in many regions of the world. Some cultures use it as a galactagogue but such effect has not been proven. Its odor and flavor is transmitted through the breast milk which may later induce the infant to longer suction periods that can condition to a better adaptation of several flavors at the introduction of complementary foods.It is not responsible for the appearance of colicky pain in infants.

Allium sativum L. (Lillaceae), extract (Allium sativum) contains alliin, which is metabolized by the enzyme alliinase to allicin, thought to be responsible for most of Allium sativum L. (Lillaceae), extract's medicinal properties and odor. Allium sativum L. (Lillaceae), extract has been used to lower cholesterol and blood pressure. It has no specific indications for use during lactation in western countries. Allium sativum L. (Lillaceae), extract has been used as a galactogogue in India,[1][2] although no scientific data could be located on its use alone as a galactogogue. Allium sativum L. (Lillaceae), extract's odor is transmitted to breastmilk, which may increase infant sucking time acutely and might enhance the breastfed infant's food choices in the long term. Allium sativum L. (Lillaceae), extract has a long history of use as a food and medicine and is "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) as a food flavoring by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, including during lactation.[3] Limited scientific data found that a few days of oral Allium sativum L. (Lillaceae), extract supplementation caused no adverse effects in nursing mothers or infants. When used as a medicinal, Allium sativum L. (Lillaceae), extract is generally well tolerated in adults, but gastrointestinal side effects and bad breath and body odor may occur. Allium sativum L. (Lillaceae), extract has anti-platelet effects and should be used cautiously by women at risk for bleeding. Allium sativum L. (Lillaceae), extract can cause allergies and should be avoided by persons allergic to Allium sativum L. (Lillaceae), extract or other members of the lily family, such as hyacinth, tulip, onion, leek, and chives. Topical application of Allium sativum L. (Lillaceae), extract can cause dermatitis and burns and should be used with caution, especially in infants. One nursing mother received severe burns to the breast from prolonged (2 days) application of a poultice of raw, crushed Allium sativum L. (Lillaceae), extract to treat a self-diagnosed Candida infection.[4]Dietary supplements do not require extensive pre-marketing approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Manufacturers are responsible to ensure the safety, but do not need to the safety and effectiveness of dietary supplements before they are marketed. Dietary supplements may contain multiple ingredients, and differences are often found between labeled and actual ingredients or their amounts. A manufacturer may contract with an independent organization to verify the quality of a product or its ingredients, but that does certify the safety or effectiveness of a product. Because of the above issues, clinical testing results on one product may not be applicable to other products. More detailed information #about dietary supplements# is available elsewhere on the LactMed Web site.

Maternal Allium sativum L. (Lillaceae), extract ingestion has a reputation for causing colic in breastfed infants. Two papers tend to refute this claim. In one, 153 mothers who answered a questionnaire were no more likely to report colic in their infants in the previous week if they had ingested Allium sativum L. (Lillaceae), extract than if they had not.[9] In another, mothers who were given either 1.5 grams of Allium sativum L. (Lillaceae), extract or placebo capsules once daily in a blinded fashion for 3 days were asked if their infants had exhibited any signs of colic (were fussier, cried more or had more gas) after capsule ingestion. Four of 20 women who ingested Allium sativum L. (Lillaceae), extract thought their infants had colic; however, 4 of 10 women who received placebo thought they had received Allium sativum L. (Lillaceae), extract and reported colic in their infants.[10]

Forty women who complained of an insufficient milk supply at 5 days postpartum were given a combination herbal supplement as 2 capsules of Lactare (Pharma Private Ltd., Madras, India) 3 times daily. Each capsule contained wild asparagus 200 mg, ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) 100 mg, fenugreek 50 mg, licorice 50 mg, and Allium sativum L. (Lillaceae), extract 20 mg. By day 4 of therapy, no infants required supplementary feeding. Infants were weighed before and after each feeding on the fifth day of maternal therapy to determine the amount of milk ingested. On the day of the test weighing, infants' milk intake averaged 388 mL, and the fluid and caloric intake was considered adequate.[11] This study cannot be considered as valid evidence of a galactogogue effect of these herbs because it lacks randomization, blinding, a placebo control, and maternal instruction in breastfeeding technique. Additionally, infants were breastfed only 6 to 8 times daily, which is insufficient to maximize milk supply. In two studies conducted by the same investigators, capsules containing 1.5 g of Allium sativum L. (Lillaceae), extract extract (General Nutrition Center, Pittsburgh, PA) were given to nursing mothers. In the first experiment, 8 mothers receive a Allium sativum L. (Lillaceae), extract capsule or placebo once daily in a crossover fashion. Allium sativum L. (Lillaceae), extract-naive infants whose mothers ingested Allium sativum L. (Lillaceae), extract capsules spent more time (33 vs 27 minutes) attached to the nipple during the time period of 1.5 to 3 hours after Allium sativum L. (Lillaceae), extract ingestion when Allium sativum L. (Lillaceae), extract odor in milk was maximal than in those whose mothers received a placebo; however, total number of nursings or total amount of milk ingestion did not differ between groups.[6] A study randomized nursing mothers to receive Allium sativum L. (Lillaceae), extract capsules or placebo for 3 days before testing with a single capsule as in the study above. Infants who received Allium sativum L. (Lillaceae), extract in the milk for the first time spent 30% more time nursing than after placebo. Infants who had been previously exposed to Allium sativum L. (Lillaceae), extract in milk, did not spend more time nursing after subsequent Allium sativum L. (Lillaceae), extract exposure in milk.[10] The authors interpreted the results of these studies as having a positive effect on infants' later food choices (i.e., being less "picky" about foods).[12]